Can the Bystander Effect prove effective in Violence Reduction?
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美国心理学essay代写 This study proposes the “Intervention Initiative” that embraces the bystander effect, designed particularly for the UK context
Introduction
Global policies on public health according to Coker et al (2011) have been established with the intention of realizing violence reduction; notably, the reduction of interpersonal violence. Initial research such as that by Seligman (1972) and Latane and Darley (1968) have discussed various concepts such as that of the psychology of perpetrators and victims respectively. Recently, however, there has been the realization of huge role played by bystanders with regard to the prevention of violence (Coker et al., 2011). It is argued that the involvement of bystanders has contributed immensely to the transformation of intervention initiatives. 美国心理学essay代写
Notably, emphasis is being laid not only on the wider community, but in calling to question the perpetrators behavior as well as in supporting the victims. This paper particularly seeks to argue that, regardless of the advancements made regarding the bystanders effect impact on violence reduction, there is a prevailing danger of their effectiveness being undermined given a misunderstanding of the scholarly work on bystander tradition. Notably, this paper seeks to call into question the taken for granted embrace of bystander effect on violence reduction strategies. That is, it seeks to review the part played by bystanders in violence and make recommendations regarding its effectiveness in informing violence reduction strategies.
Research in Social Psychology 美国心理学essay代写
Initial empirical and theoretical work on bystander has depicted that the classic perception of the bystander is not entirely supported by evidence, especially in the context violence (Fischer et al., 2006). Coker et al (2017) depicts that the bystander effect does not hold in violent cases and that it is necessary that individuals are more likely to be assisted if there are more bystanders.
As a matter of fact, Fischer et al (2006) suggests that it is not expected that everyone at a violence scene is bound to intervene; rather, the more bystanders are, the more likely it is for the victim to receive help. Notably, significant steps have been taken regarding the development of theoretical frameworks for grasping bystanders behavior. For instance, Levine and Manning (2013) that it is “the social identity relationships between bystander, victim, and perpetrator (rather than the simple presence or absence of bystanders) that is key to understanding bystander behavior.”
Over the last few years, there has been a significant rise in the number of violence reduction initiatives.
In the United States of America for instance, the impetus regarding the establishment of such initiatives has been as a result of changes in the law such as the Violence against Women Act (VAWA), it being as a result of years of activism against the rising cases of domestic violence and so on (Levine and Philpot, 2020). Banyard and Moynihan (2009) suggests that initiatives aimed at sexual violence prevention such as that of Green Dot notably emphasize on transforming participant violence acceptance as possible bystanders in a given community. 美国心理学essay代写
In brief, participants are taught the classifications of impact founded on the personal, relational and general issues—diffusion of responsibility, that is, the ecological model. Latane and Darley (1968) would posit that such an initiative equips participants to be keen on such situations and identify them as problems. To also identify with bystander behavior which they can take on both individually or collectively, and further gain the confidence to do them. Moynihan et al (2011), however, argues that the bystander is a multi-component violence reductions strategy that makes use of the community readiness model as well as the trans-theoretical model. That is, initiatives that have sought to embrace this approach have sought to realize enhanced helping behavior through an increase sense of community. An aspect that as Moynihan et al (2013) suggests has proved effective in curbing violence.
Intervention Strategy
This study proposes the “Intervention Initiative” that embraces the bystander effect, designed particularly for the UK context, drawing upon the scholarly evidence of programs such as “The Dot” developed in the US (Fischer et al., 2006). Notably, this initiative will be a ”Eight-Session-Toolkit” founded on theories of the traditional bystander intervention—theory of social norms and change. This particular initiative will seek to equip its participants with the know-how of bystander intervention and the negative impact of its predictors such as domestic violence, sexual assault and so on.
Methodology 美国心理学essay代写
In order to test the effectiveness of the program which will be but a recent initiative in the UK context, a sample of students from a university in the UK will be used. Notably, they will be exposed to the Intervention Strategy so as to test the reduction in domestic violence myth acceptance, sexual assault myth acceptance, and a significant decline in the expression of decline. Additionally, the study will also seek to identify with either the increase or decrease in willingness to help, increase in feelings of responsibility and self-reported efficacy.
Expected Results
In brief, this study seeks to realize that the Bystander Intervention Initiative is but a commonplace. Notably, in the many reported cases of arguments and violence in schools, this paper expects that bystanders in these schools will be observed as intervening in a number of ways—by restrain, pacifying gestures, removing the aggressor and so on. Hence, it seeks to conclude of the importance of bystander effect in violence reduction programs given the higher likelihood of victims receiving help.
Reference List 美国心理学essay代写
Banyard, V.L., Moynihan, M.M. and Crossman, M.T., 2009. Reducing sexual violence on campus: The role of student leaders as empowered bystanders. Journal of College Student Development, 50(4), pp.446-457.
Coker, A.L., Cook-Craig, P.G., Williams, C.M., Fisher, B.S., Clear, E.R., Garcia, L.S. and Hegge, L.M., 2011. Evaluation of Green Dot: An active bystander intervention to reduce sexual violence on college campuses. Violence against women, 17(6), pp.777-796.
Coker, A.L., Fisher, B.S., Bush, H.M., Swan, S.C., Williams, C.M., Clear, E.R. and DeGue, S., 2015. Evaluation of the Green Dot bystander intervention to reduce interpersonal violence among college students across three campuses. Violence against women, 21(12), pp.1507-1527.
Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Pollozek, F. and Frey, D., 2006. The unresponsive bystander: Are bystanders more responsive in dangerous emergencies?. European journal of social psychology, 36(2), pp.267-278. 美国心理学essay代写
Latane, B. and Darley, J.M., 1968. Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of personality and social psychology, 10(3), p.215.
Levine, M., Philpot, R. and Kovalenko, A.G., 2020. Rethinking the Bystander Effect in Violence Reduction Training Programs. Social Issues and Policy Review, 14(1), pp.273-296.
Moynihan, M.M., Banyard, V.L., Arnold, J.S., Eckstein, R.P. and Stapleton, J.G., 2011. Sisterhood may be powerful for reducing sexual and intimate partner violence: An evaluation of the bringing in the bystander in-person program with sorority members. Violence Against Women, 17(6), pp.703-719.
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